Employment responiblities and right in health Essay

1.1 Disciplinary systems Segregation The lowest pay permitted by law Hours worked Wellbeing and security Holiday’s privileges Repetition and excusal Preparing Association right and meeting 1.2Employment rights Correspondences and Discrimination Wellbeing and security 1.3There must be rules and insurance for laborers, proprietors of organizations and manufacturing plants have offered nothing to the laborers without being compelled to, shorter hours, paid occasions, legitimate security assurance, rising the age a kid can be utilized. All these above must be administered for the proprietors to comply with the laws. It likewise encourages us the business and the worker. 1.4looks at your agreement Handbook, Expected set of responsibilities, Strategy archives, Terms and conditions Essential rights Separation issues Data source Wellbeing and security Work understanding Tormenting in the Workplace 2.1 My agreement shows me the beginning date of my agreement began. What hours I will do in the week. The amount I get paid an hour and when it will get paid in my bank. What occasions I am qualified for, For the infection pay and conditions there is no legally binding disorder/injury installment plot inâ addition to SSP, if there is a capacity/disciplinary issues it clarifies what how you should glance in the handbook and what part of the hand book you have to take a gander at. In the event that you have a complaint it advises you to raise it with your chief either verbally or recorded as a hard copy. It discloses to you how long notification you need to give for end for you and the representative. 2.2 On my compensation articulation it shows the breakdown of the considerable number of hours I have worked thoroughly considered the month. It likewise shows how much national protection and expense I have paid, what charge period it is. How long occasions I have taken and have left. It likewise reveals to me my compensation move number. It has the gross compensation which is the amount you have earned before charge and at the base off the pay slip it reveals to you the amount you come out with after the assessment has been taken off. 2.3 Submit a formal composed complaint to the line supervisor, who will bend over backward to hear your complaint inside five working days, on the off chance that we need assistance putting are point across we can ask an associate or a certify worker's organization authority to be available to help clarify. On the off chance that you are not content with the result, tell the individual who managed the complaint that you might want to take it further. Present a formal composed intrigue to the executive inside five working long periods of getting composed affirmation you have to incorporate a clarification of why you are discontent with the first choice. When a choice is made at the intrigue stage is conclusive. 2.4Your name Address/phone number 2.5The point of the approach is to guarantee no activity candidate or representative is oppressed either legitimately or in a roundabout way on any unlawful ground. The overseeing chief has in general duty regarding guaranteeing that this approach is executed as per the suitable legal necessities and full record will be taken of all accessible direction and specifically any pertinent code of training. Everyday preparing is the obligation of the administration who can approach specific abilities and information inside the home and from outer hotspots for guidance on preparing matters. Preparing will be masterminded during typical working hours at whatever point conceivable however there might be events when representatives will be required to go to preparing outside their ordinary working hours. All representatives will be given a duplicate of the handbook toward the start of their work with the home. A duplicate of the handbook will consistently be on the premises. The homeâ recognises your privileges either to join or not to join a worker's guild of your decision. You are required to take sensible consideration of your own prosperity and that off your representatives. The applicable wellbeing and security notice are posted around the premises and you are relied upon to be comfortable with their prerequisites. 3.1 Care collaborator assume a key job in supporting qualified experts in clinics, care homes and other human services situations. Contingent upon the individual job and setting, a consideration colleague may help advisors or masters by setting up gear and giving hands on help by working straightforwardly with the patients in completing routine individual consideration obligations. 3.2 I should screen the prosperity of the customers. Ensuring that they are eating great, ensuring they are not losing any weight as this could be an ailment and a specialist may should be called, their own cleanliness as this could mean they are not competent to do this without anyone's help. To guarantee their drug is being taken accurately and on the off chance that they are not to educate the workplace. Ensuring they are sheltered in their own if there any wellbeing issues the we have to ring the workplace and let the co-ordinator so they can get hold of the social work to locate the most ideal approach to sift through it. 3.3 We should ensure that the people are demonstrated with the correct consideration for instance ensuring individual consideration is done, ensuring they have taken their medication and eating accurately support in their educated person, social and passionate needs. Doing treatment or treatment. 3.4 Their jobs are to direct wellbeing and grown-up social consideration suppliers to secure and advance the wellbeing, wellbeing and government assistance of individuals who use wellbeing and social consideration administrations. They embrace the job for the universally useful of empowering three things, the improvement of wellbeing and social consideration administrations, guaranteeing administrations center around individuals who use administrations, and every one of that assets are utilized successfully and proficiently. To do them thing they have to enlist suppliers a typical arrangement of gauges. These are the gauges suppliers have a lawful duty to meet and that individuals reserve a privilege to expect at whatever point or any place they get care. Screen and examine suppliers against routinely, at whenever because of concerns. Undertaking themed assessments, themed audits and master examinations base on specific parts of care. 4.1 Home consideration administrator Effort laborer Specialists Attendants Social laborer Dental Human services researchers Care co-ordinator Group pioneers 4.2 Hospitals Carehomes Careworkers Library Work situation 4.3 Pathway for a group heads are: Efficient Uplifting disposition Ready to work with plant gear and complete some office work with PCs Critical thinking aptitudes Great time the board aptitudes Ready to give the board bolster great relational abilities which incorporate inspirational aptitudes and dynamic capacities 5.1 Winterbourne see was intended to help by surveying and rewarding patients with the goal that they could have customary lives in their own home, however in 2011 a portion of the staff at winterbourne see got recorded slapping, harming patients getting them on the floor. They additionally sat on them and lay on them with the goal that the patients couldn't move; once in a while they would trap them under seats to prevent them from getting up. The patients were harassed, had water tossed at them. One woman was placed in the shower with her garments on, they swear, pulled hair and jabbing their eyes. After this was communicated on scene there were 11 of its previous consideration staff were condemned to court. A portion of the 11 got a prison sentence. 5.2 As the general population have bunches of worry about winterbourne see and other consideration homes one individual said â€Å"the nonappearance of straightforwardness &â accountability is terrifying†. There was a ton of worry on the consideration area and thinking there not simply disconnected occasions as one woman said â€Å"there aren’t detached occurrences, its social and its become out of what occurred in the consideration sector† yet the greater part of the open perspectives on what happened was to see equity and the after consideration of the occupants a respectable men said â€Å"not just would I like to see equity to be seen yet what is the after-care being given to the casualties It’s not as basic moving them out, they have been toss damnation they will require a ton of care to attempt to assemble their trust, recuperate the maltreatment and awful memories†. 5.3 The progressions that have occurred since winterbourne see is that CQC currently accept whisleblowing calls to guarantee every one is followed and pursued until settled. They currently get 500 calls every month. They additionally now do increasingly unannounced examinations of high hazard administrations, like winterbourne see. CQC completed an extra 150 reviews of comparable administrations and discovered that practically half didn’t fulfill national guidelines. They center around personalisation and anticipation in social consideration and that commission ought to guarantee administrations can convey a high leave of help and care to individuals with complex needs or testing conduct. Additionally that administrations/backing ought to be given locally any place conceivable. 5.4 The progressions that have occurred since Winterbourne View is that CQC presently accept whisleblowing calls to guarantee that every one is followed and pursued until settled. They presently get around 500 calls per month. Likewise they presently do progressively unannounced investigations of high hazard administrations like Winterbourne see. CQC cart out an extra away comparable assistance and discovered that half didn't fulfill the national guideline. They likewise center around personalisation and anticipation in the social consideration and that commission ought to guarantee administration can be convey a significant level of help and care to individuals with complex needs or testing conduct. Additionally the administrations/backing ought to be given locally where conceivable.

Reggio Emilia Approach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Reggio Emilia Approach - Essay Example As indicated by Gandini, this was when people got spurred towards building schools without anyone else for their youngsters. Simultaneously, educators likewise started to buckle down in making new strategies for instructing so as to bolster the new popularity based society. The schools developed around then blended the hypothesis of social administrations with training. There was an arrangement of national guidelines acknowledged during the years 1968 and 1971 which gained it doable for the ground of Reggie Approach. As per Rinaldi, who is an instructive executive, the instructors filled in as a consistent piece so as to build up another quality, and had rights to appoint certain working terms like the power to assume, to orchestrate, and to comprehend different things. Each and every youngster has forthcoming, curiosity, and redirect ness in shared dealings, making affiliations, constructing their insight, and haggling with whatever their environmental factors offer them. At the point when a youngster partakes in a disturbance, it is vital that they select their off-base doings and right them. This progression can help kids in getting increasingly functional and understanding issues more without anyone else. Educators' job here is crucial, as they should give youngsters enough space to address and develop themselves without being scrutinized and called attention to by instructors. Because of their young age gathering, they are having a tendency to be more capable than some other age gathering. The Reggio Emilia Schools snap this photo of kids as being progressively energetic and sure towards life as opposed to being dull and subordinate. Youngsters' Relationships and Interactions Within a System Tutoring includes focusing on every youngster independently regarding their conduct with their family, different mates, their instructors, their environmental factors, and their general public. The Rights of Children, Parents and Teachers All youngsters have their own privileges of getting commendable consideration and legitimate tutoring which could additionally improve their planned and capacities. Guardians reserve the option to be associated with the life of the school; educators reserve the privilege to develop expertly. The Value of Relationships and Interactions of Children in Small Groups Youngsters get this opportunity to work alongside their educators and in a type of immense group of kids, or a little one, or as a person. Instructors should pick what sort of collection is reasonable for every kid contingent upon the kind of venture and work relegated to kids, youngsters' enthusiasm for the undertaking, and the term of time taken by them to finish the assignment. The educators assume an imperative job while making kids work in little gatherings so as to cause youngsters to understand their undertakings better. Participation and Collaboration as the Backbone of the System Joint effort between all seniors in the instructive establishment ought to be comprehensive of posing inquiries about different things, sharing their perspectives, and building up a trust in one another. For accomplishing this objective, all instructors should give close consideration towards youngsters, enquire about their inclinations and investigate their insight and thoughts.

Easy Argumentative Essay Topics For College Students

Easy Argumentative Essay Topics For College StudentsThe topic of essay topics for college students has become a subject of debate among student writers. The reasons for this debate will surprise you. Let's start with the fact that students are interested in writing college level essays that they can be proud of.Essay topics for college students should appeal to them. They want to express themselves in an essay. They want to be able to express their ideas and feelings in a well-written, persuasive piece of writing. A good writer is one who can make people think about an issue.There are many ideas that college students have about every subject. Some of these ideas are strange, some are outrageous, and some are obvious. These college level topics for essay topics for college students should all be debated carefully before you submit them.Students need to know which ideas are the real issues facing the author. You can have a discussion about this with your instructor. Remember, though, t hat not all topics will be approved by your professor and that there are many topics that you will be allowed to use, but you must make sure that they are a topic that will stand up in a debate with your professor.The problem with certain topics is that they do not meet this criteria. For example, a topic on how to kill someone by means of a large stone should be rejected by your professor if he or she believes that such a topic would be insulting to either sex. If the topic has no redeeming features, it should never be submitted to a college level teacher.You will find that the topic you choose as your essay topic for college level teacher can be argued. All arguments for and against the topic are allowed. Your professor will allow the best arguments to win the debate.If your topic is a controversial topic, then your college students may not understand what you are trying to say. This is where your debate skills come in. You will need to learn how to convince your students that the topic is important, but that your opinion is not so different from theirs.College students are the most intelligent group of individuals that there are. They want to write college-level essays that will make them successful in life. They will be looking for a topic that they can agree with, yet differ from the views of their professors.

American Eagle vs. Urban Outfitters - 1647 Words

American Eagle Vs Urban Outfitters Introduction Financial ratio’s / accounting ratio’s are best described as being â€Å"the relative magnitude of two or more selected numerical values taken from an enterprise’s financial statements (Libby, Libby, Libby amp; Short, 2011),† in order to evaluate the overall financial condition of a business. Whether they are viewed by stakeholders within a firm, or current and potential stakeholders outside of the enterprise, financial ratios can used to compare the strength of a company against its own performance objectives, or in comparison to those of its leading competitors within the industry. In this paper, we compare Urban Outfitters and American Eagle against each other†¦show more content†¦As can be seen in the Debt/Equity comparison chart above, Urban Outfitters has the lowest Debt/Equity ratio of the three, which means that instead of having to use its scarce resources to pay back high levels of principal and interest on its long-term financial oblig ations, it can instead return a higher percentage of its revenue for the period to its shareholders. An action that rest assured will be reviewed very positively by stakeholders and investors in the company. Profit | Urban Outfitters | American Eagle | Industry Average | Profit margin | 10.9% | 6.0% | 3.8% | Return on equity | 20.9% | 13.0% | 13.1% | Earnings per share | $1.02 | $0.87 | N/A | Profitability ratios provide insight into how much profit a company generates with the money that shareholders have invested in the company. Profit margin, return on equity, and earnings per share are all forms of profitability ratios (Stocks Simplified, 2011). With its 10.9% profit margin ration, Urban Outfitters is substantially more effective than American Eagle Outfitters at controlling its costs. Calculated as net income divided by revenue, or net profit divided by sales, â€Å"the profit margin ratio is a measurement of how much out of every dollar of sales a company actually keeps in earnings† (Stocks Simplified,Show MoreRelatedMarketing Channel44625 Words   |  179 PagesAnswer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 387 AACSB: Use of IT Skill: Concept Objective: 13-3 56) Most ________ retailers are significantly behind ________ retailers in global expansion. A) African; Peruvian B) European; American C) American; European and Asian D) Asian; American E) Asian; African Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 388 AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity Skill: Concept Objective: 13-3 57) ________, the world s second largest retailer after Wal-Mart, has embarked on an aggressive

Education Is Not An Obligation - 1075 Words

Education is a privilege not an obligation. Being blessed with the opportunity to apply for college, let alone go to college, is something some kids never get to see. Getting a degree is important because it is a gift only a small portion of the population has access to. Being able to grow academically as well as spiritually, physically, and emotional are just a few of the many benefits. It is my aspiration to attend the university of my dream and be changed into a better version of myself through the process of graduation; however, before that can happen, I must decide which school is right for me. When I first started to research colleges, I came across LSU, Louisiana State University, a large school with about 26, 156 undergraduates located in Baton Rouge, Louisiana (www.collegeboard.com). Due to the fact, my family was originally from Louisiana, LSU was a household name for me. Though I was familiar with the university, I came to realize I actually knew very little about the majo rs it offered as well as many other important factoids. For instance, I was completely oblivious to their very high admission rate as well as their fairly low SAT and ACT entrance scores. While most colleges have a baseline starting point of 1300 or higher out of 1600 for SAT, most LSU applicants score between a 1100-1320 (collegeboard.com). As I did further research on Louisiana State, I discovered they offered many of the majors I am interested in. LSU has â€Å"more than 235 academic field ofShow MoreRelatedEducation Is Not A Right But An Obligation2014 Words   |  9 PagesThe statement â€Å"Education is not a right but an obligation† is both correct and incorrect. It’s the right of the child to receive an education but it is an obligation of the State to provide and ensure that every child has access to an equal education. The governing laws, both international and domestic, have made education a right, but the states and parties involved have the duty and resp onsibility to uphold these treaties and laws, which also makes education an essential obligation. Most governingRead MoreThe Ethical Obligations For Teachers Within Education2087 Words   |  9 Pagesdifferent concepts surrounding the topic of education but most problematic is in regards to the aims of education within society. With several aims proposed by educational philosophers there is confusion surrounding what education is for and which type of education best suits the individual. Lewis (2015) posed that education promotes student learning and potential as well as fostering of community and self esteem within a school environment. Overall education is the defining product of good citizensRead More The Importance of Education Essay782 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of Education Education has always been a crucial part of society for the past centuries. Some believe that our education is a privilege. Some believe that our education is a right. Some believe that our education is an obligation. The only obligation we might have towards education is to treat it as a privilege as well as a right, but certainly not an obligation to have an education. Education has been the basis for the success we see in our parents, our teachers, and moreRead MoreCapital Budgeting Of Florida Department Of Education1670 Words   |  7 PagesCapital Budgeting in Florida Department of Education Introduction Capital planning and budgeting is a very vital piece in the Public Budgeting System process. It is an essential implement in the financial management practice and is effective in both public and private organizations. It is the method which consists of the determination and the evaluation of the investments and the possible expenses by an organization. As explicate by Lee, Johnson, Joyce (2008), capital budgets help in determiningRead MoreCapital Planning And Budgeting System Process1667 Words   |  7 Pagesof action. A budgeting system takes account of both expected (based on historical results) and actual results. Those financial associations may report to costs, revenues, cash flows and/or capital. Capital budgeting in FLDOE Florida Department of Education (FLDOE) is one of the educational agencies that always implement a capital budgeting methodology in order to appropriately accomplish all its financial activities. While the above public agency for that reason just like many other states, and localRead MoreLoan Of Student Loan Consolidation767 Words   |  4 PagesConsolidation May Be The Response To Your Financial obligation Concern With this, the loans stay overdue for 270 days or end up being 270 days past due at any time, leading the loans to default condition. Federal student loans are more beneficial compared to personal student loans. The interests on federal loans are tax-deductible and on certain kinds of service, the student loan might be forgiven. In consolidating your student financial obligation, it is suggested not to blend the federal and personalRead MoreCensorship : The British Licensing Order Banned Any Publication Not Approved By The Censor Essay1690 Words   |  7 Pagesapproved by the censor. In Areopagitica, Milton publicly denounces the censorship the reformed Parliament has declared. Through his political tract, Milton fervently argues that censorship limits individuals in intellectual capacity and that divine obligation requires the obliteration of censorship. Milton disputes that within a Christian ethical system, censorship restricts man from achieving spiritual growth. Additionally, Milton claims that no one has the right to censor, as God did not censor AdamRead MoreThe Ethics Of Care Framework1244 Words   |  5 Pagesadvance to high-end universities and further provide for her family. Yet, consequentialist solutions do not acknowledge the needs of all stakeholders. The Special Education students will be at a disadvantage in the classroom, because Ms. Smith is not fully prepared to teach them. The decision to have Mrs. Miller teach solely the special education class does not allow her to meet the criteria of all four elements of care. If this solution is chosen, Mrs. Miller cannot guarantee sufficient salary to supportRead MoreSymbolism of The Boat by Alistar MacLeod1229 Words   |  5 Pagesstill living because even though he got a university education, he now wants the life his father had. He expresses how his father always wanted him to become something bigger and better then what he became. The author, Alistair MacLeod, used many different writing techniques within this short story. The symbolism of â€Å"The Boat† expresses inevitability through the little hobbies the father/husband does through his boring routine life, obligation through the father/husband’s commitment as a fishermanRead MoreHealth And Safety Legislation And The Employees799 Words   |  4 Pagesto educate employees on their obligations to conduct safe work practises under this legisl ation, including their duty of care for their personal safety and that of their peers directly affected or surrounding their work environment is placed on the PCBU’s. PCBU’s are accountable for the proper and correct training and education for their employees to not only be aware of their obligations under the legislation s, but to also to be able to comply with their obligations under the legislation. Under

Comparison between Othello and Skin - 1414 Words

Compare and contrast the portrayal of the predicament of the outsider in the texts Othello and Skin. To what extent are the differences between the two texts treatment of this theme due to their different historical and cultural contexts? Othello and Skin are both excellent examples of how the outsider is topic in which society is intrigued by. Both Sandra and Othello are both victims of their time and geographical setting, as well as being considered different due to their race and achievements. Although there are a great number of common themes through both Othello and Skin, such as racism, relationships with both family and the community, gender roles in relationships, the role of the outsider and the use of race in relationships, but the difference in historical context, personal achievements, respect and setting between the two are so contrasting that it changes how the audience empathises with the characters, as well as how both Sandra and Othello change during their respective films. The Shakespearean play Othello is about how a black military leader in Venice is undone by an elaborate plan thought up by Iago to overthrow Othello and obtain Othello’s high position in Venice’s military society. Othello was set in the late 16th century, when Venice’s trade was threatened by the growing power of the Turkish Empire. 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Shakespeare explained several characters actions by comparing them to similarities in animals. The characters in â€Å"Othello† were often depicted as having animal-like characteristics. Some characters were even compared to animals by other characters in the play. By defining characters in terms of these characteristics one can get a clear description of what the character isRead MoreRacism : Elizabethan And Modern Societies1079 Words   |  5 Pagesdiversity, even if it doesn’t quite seem like it. Generations today are more open to ethnic assortment, but yet still are stuck to racial stereotypes. Everyone who is racially diverse is quietly but surely judged based on their different dialect and skin color. Many people today undermine any other race, making their opinions based off of stereotypical theories. Society today obtains high standards of unity. When something is different from the normal, it threatens the unity. This threat often producesRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare990 Words   |  4 Pagesinduce behavior that would otherwise not normally be warranted. In Othello, The Moor Of Venice, jealousy is a very important component of the play. Iago uses jealousy to control the Moor, Othello, into committing various acts against his wife, Desdomona, and one of his soldiers, Cassio. It can be deduced that the sheer powe r of jealousy is the most important theme in Othello because the play shows how a strong General, such as Othello, is subject to this malicious emotion and its trickery, how the strongRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Othello, By William Shakespeare1040 Words   |  5 PagesWhen pairs of texts are considered together, their universal themes and ideas lead to greater understanding, appreciation and insight of both the old and the new. The texts Othello, William Shakespeare (1600) and Othello, Geoffrey Sax (2001), ring true for this statement. Despite the differing contexts and ages, the universal themes of racism and betrayal bring new meaning to each of the texts. The primary meaning from the juxtaposition of the two is that of the human condition, and how the problemsRead MoreRacism In Othello1694 Words   |  7 PagesWhy Would You Think That? Without a doubt, Othello is one of Shakespeares most confrontational pieces of literature. The play has had a tremendous impact on literature for many years. It was written in a time where there was racial segregation, which many people cant believe that there was a successful black leader. Othello, is a very high ranking official in the Army (a powerful general) and is married to a young, white girl named Desdemona. Knowing when this play was written itsRead MoreShakespeares Play, Othello, is More than a Tragedy854 Words   |  3 PagesThe audience can perceive Shakespeares play â€Å"Othello† as just a tragic play of a jealous man in the early 1600s thinking that his wife is cheating on him with another man. It could be just that, however it could be something much deeper. Many argue that the main character Othello may have had a Oedipal Complex. This is a psychoanalytical theory introduced by Sigmund Freud in 1899. It is the idea that one has a desire for sexual involvement with the parent of the opposite sex and a sense of rivalryRead MoreThe Significance of Power in William Shakespeares Othello, Gwen Harwood’s â€Å"In the Park†, and Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close1389 Words   |  6 Pagespower or lack of power including the potential of the individual or groups to use this power to enrich or challenge other people communities or ideologies to what extent is this true of Othello. Power and lack of power have the ability to enrich, even challenge other peoples communities and beliefs. Shakespeare’s Othello is one example of a text that expresses the potency of Power and its abilities to enrich and/or Challenge. Power can be illustrated within a text through: The Power of words, the powerRead MoreA Relationship Between A White And A Black Mother1313 Words   |  6 Pagesstories and music. It is unclear if Morrison is trying to make a comparison between a white and a black mother (the latter is usually reputed to be not-so-good-mothers, especially in American culture). It is challenging to separate race issue in the events of this play. Desdemona tells Barbary that she is color blind when the latter tells her she was just a slave due to the color of her skin. Desdemona tries to show Barbary the bond between them by countering the claim that her whiteness makes a differenceRead MoreShakespeares Use of Language to Show Othellos Changing State of Mind1627 W ords   |  7 Pagesfriendship. This is dramatically effective, being at the beginning of the scene because all through the scene Othello is seen thinking and talking about how disloyal she is. It also makes the tragedy at the end of the play more awful, as the audience knows she really is innocent. Iago then cunningly preys on the inquisitive nature of all humans, including Othello, to mould his mind to thinking the way he would like. He says unbeneficial things, dropping hints as to his feelings

Arranged Marriage free essay sample

Do arranged marriages violate human rights as they are protected by international humanitarian law? Marriage is a vital part of the social and economic life of a person’s life. It forms the foundation for a continued family line, and the backdrop for raising children. In most societies, marriage is an important relation both between the two people and between the person and the society, and there are many rituals and traditions tied to the marriage. In many parts of the world, arranged marriages are still common, and are the expected and accepted way to find someone to share a lifetime with. Definition A definitive distinction between arranged marriages and forced marriages is difficult to define, as the division is fluid. One distinction is to say that arranged marriages are marriages planned by parents, guardians and brokers, based on what they believe is the best for the spouses, but in this case, the intended future spouses hold the final say in whether to go through with the union of marriage. Forced marriages, on the other hand, completely lack the element of free consent, either by lack of given consent or because consent is given under duress. The right to refuse an arranged marriage is perhaps not part of reality, since the spouses are brought up in a family environment where forced marriages are expected, and family bonds have powerful sway over individual decisions. â€Å"The question that arises, therefore, is essentially to establish whether one or both future spouses have consented, and if so, whether the consent was full and free with the aim of entering into married life† (Zapfl-Helbling, 2005). History Because marriage is such an important part of human life, it is discussed and described in religious writings. Arranged marriages have been instrumental in maintaining royal families and dynasties through history, and in some cultures, such as the Indian, arranged marriages are still common. Marriage in the Bible At the time of many of the stories in the Bible, arranged marriages were very common. The pair that was to be married often had little power in deciding who they would marry; they would have to do as their parents decided. In the same way as in royal families, marriage tied groups together in alliances, bringing different communities together. Several verses in the Bible refer to women being given by their fathers to men in order to create alliances, in a sign of good faith and friendship, or as a reward. The Bible does not directly set forth rules governing arranged or forced marriages. The same is true in other religions, such as Islam. Genesis 24 speaks of an arranged marriage, where a servant is sent to find a wife for Abraham’s son Isaac. Rebekah is brought from her homeland to marry Isaac. She is given to Abraham’s servant by her father Bethuel and brother Laban, to marry a man she has never met. Isaac is in the same situation as Rebekah, since he also does not know the woman he will marry (The Holy Bible). Marriage in Islam While the Qur’an does not directly discuss arranged marriages, Islamic law and the writings about the Prophet’s teachings do mention the subject. In these writings, forced marriages are very clearly forbidden, but arranged marriages in the understanding that both potential partners have the opportunity to refuse the marriage, is not banned. The family helps find a suitable candidate for marriage, and arrange meetings between the prospective spouses. Dating in the Western sense is not allowed in Islam, since two people of the opposite sex who are not related or married are not allowed to be alone together. â€Å"Whenever a man is alone with a woman, Satan is the third among them† (Dodge, 2003). Dates are always chaperoned by family members to prevent anything inappropriate from happening between the courting couple. If, at the end of the courting process, the pair wishes to marry, they will. Arranged Marriages in India As in every other culture, marriage is a vital part of culture in India. In the same way as arranged marriages are an established and expected part of Islamic culture, arranged marriages are very common also in India, where Hinduism is the leading religion. Most marriages here are arranged, but importantly with† the consent of the bride and the bridegroom and the blessings of the elders† (http://www. hinduwebsite. com/hinduism/h_marriage. asp). Also here the question of consent is very important to provide a distinction between arranged and forced marriage. This focus on consent has been a modern development of this ancient tradition. In the past, consent from the spouses was not necessary for them to be married (http://www. culturalindia. net/weddings/arranged-marriage. html HHHHHjjlafdkdk. ) Arranged marriages are set up by friends and family, and sometimes by a matchmaker that sets up the marriage. But the bride’s father has the most responsibility in arranging marriage for his daughter, and is the one who approaches the father of a potential bridegroom. Important aspects when considering a possible match are financial status, caste, and the bride and bridegrooms horoscopes matching. The role of astrology is important, and if a Hindu priest finds that the horoscopes of the potential spouses do not match, they will not marry, and must begin the search all over again (Livermore, 2009). India’s view of marriage first and then love is very different from the Western view where love comes before marriage, seems to be successful. The divorce rate in India is at 1. %, compared to the divorce rate in America, which is at 50 % (http://www. divorcerate. org/divorce-rate-in-india. html. ) These statistics may, however, be skewed, since divorce is socially not acceptable in parts of India. The NY Times had an article a couple weeks ago that supported the idea that people from India who are have had an arranged marriage have built a stronger relationship. Though divorce in not acceptable the bonds seem to only grow stronger as the years pa ss (Joseph, 2011). It is more than a silly tradition to those who take part in arranged marriage. The philosophy of â€Å"if it’s not broke, don’t fix it† is very much alive for this culture. The traditions are what have kept this country strong and unified. Declaration of Human Rights The right to only marry with the free and full consent of both spouses is set forth in several of the international agreements concerning human rights. Article 16 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) concerns the right to marry. Part two of article 16 states that â€Å"Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses† (Reichert, 2006). Two other articles help in explain why arranged marriages can be ruled as against the human rights of the spouses. Article 24 of the International Bill of Human Rights covers the rights and requirements of marriage. â€Å"People of full age have the right to marry and to found a family. Men and women are entitled to equal rights at marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution. Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses. † (Reichert, 2006) Article 27 declares a right to privacy, which provides that it is a human right to live without unnecessary interference by the government. â€Å"Everyone shall have the right to privacy in his or her home, hotel room, vehicle, or vessel and to have interpersonal relations as they choose. This right includes all communications between people, in public or private that they intend to keep confidential. Eavesdropping is forbidden without a court order as part of a criminal investigation. Such order shall only be issued upon evidence submitted in writing to the judge issuing the order. † (Reichert, 2006) Article 27 also provides that everyone has the right to â€Å"have interpersonal relations as they choose,† which could be interpreted to protect the right to participate in arranged marriage, particularly in those cultures where arranged marriages are common and viewed as a natural part of the union of marriage. For those raised with those values, being denied the right to find a spouse in the way that is common in their culture would be an invasion of privacy. Theories Systems theory seemed an appropriate choice for its use of key concepts such as boundaries, differentiation, homeostasis, roles, and subsystems (van Wormer Besthorn, 2011). In researching the custom of arranged marriages within the Indian culture, boundaries must be considered. There are many cultural as well as gender specific boundaries at play. Differentiation, separating from one system as you move toward a more mature system, takes place as these women leave their family of origin and enter into their new family. An attempt will be made to recognize the other systems in place to create the homeostasis to allow this custom of arranged marriage to continue. Homeostasis is the giving and taking of certain systems in order to keep a balance. Also, as immigrants are acculturated to western ideologies, systems must change in order to ensure the continuation of this custom. For example, will the arranged marriage disappear as the family becomes more â€Å"Americanized†? While the systems theory is applicable in this situation, it isn’t without its shortcomings. Because of the endless systems, subsystems, and roles which could be considered, applying this theory can be daunting and have little use in one interview. This theory may also neglect any past situations or biological issues the client may be dealing with. The other theory being applied for this research is the feminist theory. Perhaps for a topic such as this, feminist theory may be most appropriate for the way in which it is used to examine discrimination and oppression (van Wormer Besthorn, 2011). Ideas of feminist theory that must be examined are: considering where the knowledge came from, examining the patriarchal system of the group, and examining the gender roles ascribed to the women of this culture (van Wormer Besthorn, 2011). Examining the ways women have become more empowered since immigrating to western countries. This theory will be applied in order to see how the custom of arranged marriage dictates what is appropriate therefore perpetuating the inequality of the women, i. e. whom they can marry. Another hope is that the theory can raise awareness of the ability to demand equality and begin to see areas where progress needs to be made on a micro as well as macro level. As is with systems theory, there are concerns about feminist theory also. The major complaint is that the focus is mainly on women which may actually become oppressive in itself by singling out problems specific to women. In actuality, feminist theory can apply to any situation of inequality or oppression which many critics fail to realize. The feminist theory is also based on western ideologies which may prevent it from being appropriately applied due to cultural differences. Conclusion While I, as a Western European, do not properly understand the tradition of arranged marriages, many places in the world it is common. I do understand that arranged marriage is a part of many cultures, and it will probably never be possible to fully ban the practice. What can be done is to protect the rights of the intending spouses as much as possible, which is done through the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The duty set forth for every marriage to have free and full consent from both of the intending spouses will always raise the question as to whether both of the intending spouses really have the right to protest and the right to say no. Both the culture people are raised with and the family environment they live in influence their views of arranged marriage.